Author:Tomoaki Ishii

Key words:child-reduction era; youth employment in Japan; labor market; reform measures

Abstract:At present, unemployed young people who are homebodies "closed to themselves" with their spirit "introverted" are becoming a serious social problem in Japan. This study examines the current employment situation and problems of the youth from aspects of the measures taken by the Japanese government to address the problems of child-reduction and youth employment, employment of the youth and the labor market, and the challenges faced by the unemployed youth in both the public and private sectors. The study fi nds that, despitevarious measures taken by the government, many young people living in distress,in reality, are still not covered by employment and livelihood support measures and cannot get their corresponding services, whereas the government is seeking further improvement measures. Hence, there is still a long way to go before we can fundamentally solve the problems of youth employment in Japan in the period of childlessness.

Author:FAN Ming

Key words:overwork; labor productivity; public policy; institutional factors

Abstract:The fundamental objective of the study is to provide a basis for the formulation of public policies to curb overwork. To this end, it is necessary to examine overwork not only from the perspective of medicine, but also that of the public policy. The research analyzes factors of labor productivity and institutions leading to excessive labor in the historical evolution from primitive society, agricultural society, industrial society to post-industrial society, examines the historical evolution of overwork, and explores the focus of public policies to curb overwork. The study concludes that the formation of overwork is infl uenced by factors such as labor productivity and institutions concerned. To be specifi c, workers who seek to maximize utility choose to work excessively in conditions of low labor productivity. Under this situation, public policy intervention is neither necessary nor effective. Instead, only when excessive work is caused by the system is there a certain amount of room for the public policy to manoeuvre.

Author:LI Changan LIU Zhenxiu

Key words:employment discrimination; employment equity; high-quality and full employment; labor market; human resource

Abstract:Employment is the most basic livelihood, whilst elimination of employment discrimination is the key to achieving quality development of the national economy. This study, by reviewing the literature related to employment discrimination and taking into account its main types and manifestations in the current labor market, analyzes the causes of employment discrimination and its negative effects on the employment market, and fi nds that with the development of society, the types of employment discrimination are becoming diversifi ed such as discrimination in household registration, gender, age, and health, etc., leading to hazards of the fragmentation of China's labor market, poor fl ow of human resources, and a strong sense of inequity among workers. The study suggests that China should improve relevant employment regulations, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of employees, create a fair and rule-based labor market environment, and promote the realization of high-quality and full employment. Key words: employment discrimination; employment equity; high-quality and full employment; labor market; human resource

Author:Hu Ying Hu Siyuan

Key words:platform gig labor; crowdsourcing data annotators; labor relations; social security; rights protection

Abstract:The rise of platform gig labor is the product of the combination of social development internal demand and technological innovation. Platform crowdsourcing data labeling labor is a typical form of platform gig labor. The development of artifi cial intelligence, the reform of enterprise production and organization mode, the need to alleviate employment pressure and other factors make it rise on a large scale. It is characterized by the Internet as the main tool of labor, the fragmentation and simplifi cation of work tasks, the high fl exibility and autonomy of labor, the weakening of social relations and the atomization of human beings. This new form of "platform + individual" has brought a certain impact and challenge to China's existing labor employment mode, labor relations identifi cation framework and social security system, which makes many gig jobs face the dilemma of unstable labor and income and lack of social security. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the existing labor relations identifi cation standards, improve the social security system, guide the platform enterprises to assume the main responsibility, so as to better protect the basic rights and interests of gig workers on the platform according to their labor characteristics.

Author:QU Xiaobo WANG Qiang

Key words:industrial robots; manufacturing enterprises; labor relations; employment quality

Abstract:With the rapid growth of the application of industrial robots in China's manufacturing enterprises, it is signifi cant to explore whether the application of industrial robots has negative impacts on labor relations in the manufacturing industry, or contributes to improving the governance of labor relations and providing high-quality employment for the high-quality development of the economy under the trend of technological progress in the automation of manufacturing robots. This study, employing the data from the China Employer-Employee Survey to set up the labor relations index system, analyzes the impacts of the application of industrial robots on labor relations and employment quality. The study shows that the application of industrial robots contributes to setting up harmonious labor relations in manufacturing enterprises, meanwhile the conclusion is still tenable in view of its endogenous nature; in addition, the workers' income level of enterprises is relatively higher, with smaller internal income gap within the enterprise, improved social insurance of the employees, and the higher employment satisfaction of workers.

Author:Gao Jiandong

Key words:labor legislation; historical experience; Communist Party of China; Chinese characteristics; new era

Abstract:The Communist Party of China has incorporated labor legislation into its goals from the early days of its founding. The labor legislation led by the party has been continuously improved in the labor movement, social development and changes of the times, forming a Chinese characteristic development path and achieving remarkable historical achievements. However, due to the judgment of contradictions diverged from the social reality of the time in its early days, and the unrealistic interest claims under the infl uence of the "Left-leaning", labor legislation has a negative impact on history. As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, labor legislation has opened a new historical position, and the legislative ideas formed in the early stage of reform and opening up are increasingly diffi cult to adapt to the current legislative needs. At present, although China's labor legislation faces problems and challenges, under the guidance of the accumulation of centuries of exploration and the new historical orientation, the "Chinese characteristics" has increasingly become the legal tradition and spiritual power to promote labor legislation. In the future, labor legislation should inevitably adapt to the needs of diversifi ed functions, and at the same time improve the multi-level, adaptability and integrity of regulatory strategies, so as to continuously promote the development of the legal practice of labor relations governance.

Author:Xu Lihong

Key words:autonomy of meaning; labor law; Civil Code; social law

Abstract:The enactment of the Civil Code has a great impact on labor law. Involving all aspects of life, the civil law has the status of the basic law and the prerequisite law, and is the theoretical basis, trial basis, and important reference of the labor law. As an amended civil law, the labor law is formed by the integration of private law covering individual interests and public law covering national interests. The governance model of "autonomy of meaning" under the "state control" strengthens the ability of the labor law to implement state policy and coordinate labor relations, consolidates the social law attributes of the labor law to adjust the status of the weak and pursue substantive justice and fairness, making it a legal department that cannot be replaced alongside the civil law. Although the "autonomy of meaning" in the labor contract indicates that the labor law stems from the civil law, while both of them have undergone the developmental process of "concordance — separation — division — independence", the expansion of the civil law and the "socialization" of the market economy require that the civil law cannot exclude the labor law. In the current legal system, as a means of implementing the constitution, there is a deep and benign interaction between labor law and the civil law. Key words: autonomy of meaning; labor law; Civil Code; social law

Author:XIAO Linsheng Yang Jingping

Key words:uncertainty avoidance; job insecurity; human capital; perceived transfer shock of independent colleges; intermediate effect

Abstract:As a major organizational change, transform of independent colleges has a signifi cant impact on the immediate interests of teachers. This study, based on cognitive appraisal theory and that of the resource conservation, examines the impact of uncertainty avoidance on teachers' job insecurity in the context of the upcoming transform of independent colleges, and analyzes its mediating role of perceived shock and the moderating role of human capital. This study fi nds that uncertainty avoidance has a signifi cant positive impact on teachers' sense of insecurity in their job; the perceived transfer shock of indepent colleges plays a partial intermediary role between uncertainty avoidance and teachers' sense of insecurity in their job; human capital negatively regulates the relationship between uncertainty avoidance and the perceived transfer shock; moreover, human capital also has a negative intermediary role on the perceived transfer shock between uncertainty avoidance and teachers' sense of insecurity in their job. In order to ensure the smooth progress of transformation of independent colleges, this study suggests that colleges should fully communicate with teachers about the transformation, while teachers should improve their human capital level and enhance their ability to withstand external environmental shocks.

Author:HU Xinqiang Zhao Yufeng

Key words:elderly floating population; human resource development of the elderly; employment quality; employment service system

Abstract:In the context of implementing the new urbanization strategy and actively responding to the aging society, exploring the employment status of the elderly floating population and comprehensively improving their employment quality are becoming an urgent task to promote high-quality development in the period of socio-economic transformation. Employing the 2017 national monitoring data on China Migrants Dynamic Survey, the current study examines the employment status of the elderly fl oating population in terms of their occupational types, nature of the unit and industry distribution, and analyzes the infl uential factors of their employment quality index. The study fi nds that the employment of the elderly fl oating population shows characteristics of low level of occupation, low income, long working hours, and poor working environment, etc.; the employment quality index of the elderly fl oating population is lower than that of the working-age fl oating population, and it is noted that there are differences within the group; the increase of educational experience, social participation and non-agricultural household registration have a positive impact on the employment quality of the elderly fl oating population. In addition, there are differences in the impact on the employment quality of the employed and self-employed elderly fl oating population. The researchers propose that in order to improve construction of the employment service system for the elderly, it is necessary to provide them with employment training, comprehensively empower them, and assist them in fi nding jobs, so as to improve their employment situation and employment quality.

Author:JIANG Fang

Key words:the community theory; labor education; curriculum system; labor practice; all-round development of human beings

Abstract:The urgency of strengthening labor education has impacts on the governing foundation of and the public attitude for or against the Communist Party of China. It also has a bearing on the physical and mental health of students, their growth and development and the formation of correct values, as well as on the all-round development of human beings and China's future development. From the perspective of Marxism community theory, labor education embodies the relationship of the harmonious coexistence of man and nature, man and man, and man and society. This study argues that the current labor education has constraints of family education dislocation, lack of school education, and inadequacy of social education, etc. The inherent reason for the above issues is that it does not correctly perceive the dialectical unity between man and nature, man and man, and man and society. The study proposes that starting from aspects of building the idea of community labor education, improving the labor education curriculum system, and implementing the function of labor practice to nurture people, we should effectively promote labor education and the comprehensive development of human beings.